The Link Between PTSD and Social Anxiety Disorder

The Link Between PTSD and Social Anxiety Disorder PTSD Related Conditions Print The Relationship Between PTSD and Social Anxiety Disorder Guilt and Shame in PTSD Patients May Lead to SAD By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on February 14, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 29, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Felbert + Eickenberg / STOCK4B / Getty Images PTSD and social anxiety disorder (SAD) commonly co-occur, and there are a number of possible reasons why people with PTSD, as compared to those without the diagnosis, may be more likely to develop fears of social situations. What Is Social Anxiety Disorder? SAD (sometimes also called social phobia) is considered an anxiety disorder. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, to be diagnosed with SAD, you need to have a frequent and unending fear of social situations or situations where you are expected to perform in some way. In these situations, you come into contact with unfamiliar people or experience the possibility of scrutiny by others. You may also experience fear in appearing anxious or acting out in a way that will bring about embarrassment or humiliation. Moreover, your upcoming contact with a feared situation almost always causes anxiety, maybe even in the form of a panic attack. You recognize that the fear you experience in response to social situations is unreasonable or greater than it should be, and you avoid situations you fear. If you have to be in those situations, you do so with high levels of anxiety and distress. These symptoms interfere considerably with many aspects of your life (work, relationships, etc.) and are not due to medication, a substance (i.e., alcohol), a medical condition or other disorder. Signs That You May Have Social Anxiety Disorder Rates of SAD Among People With PTSD Research  shows that the rates of diagnosed SAD in the last year occur in approximately 14 to 46 percent of people with PTSD. This percentage is variable because it depends on the group of people a study is examining. For example, research shows that populations with the highest rate of both SAD and PTSD are veterans with PTSD and people who seek out treatment for PTSD. Why Are PTSD and SAD Related? A number of theories have been proposed to explain why PTSD and SAD are related. First, the symptoms of PTSD may make a person feel different, as though they cant relate or connect with others. A person with PTSD may have difficulties communicating or interacting with others for fear of coming into contact with trauma-related reminders. All of this may feed the development of SAD. In addition, many people with PTSD feel high levels of shame, guilt, and self-blame, and these feelings may lead to SAD. Finally, there is evidence that SAD among people with PTSD stems from depression. People with PTSD often experience depression, which may lead to social withdrawal, isolation, and a lack of motivation that could contribute to the development of SAD. Overall, research suggests that the link between PTSD and SAD is complex, stemming from multiple factors including a persons genes, history of trauma, and psychological vulnerabilities, like fear of being negatively evaluated by others. Further studies will hopefully help experts tease apart the precise relationship between PTSD and SAD. Getting Help If you have PTSD and SAD, it is important to seek help.  Fortunately, there are many effective treatments for SAD. In addition, there are treatments for PTSD that have been shown to be successful in reducing symptoms. By getting treatment for PTSD, you may also notice that your symptoms of SAD are lower as well.   The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

How the Cuba Policy Affected trade with the U.S. Today Essay

How the Cuba Policy Affected trade with the U.S. Today The Cuba Policy came into effect to end all relations between the United States and Cuba. The U.S. policy toward Cuba is controlled by the embargo, which contains economic agreements and restrictions on travel to Cuba. The effect of this policy is to minimize commercial, political and resident relations between the United States and Cuba. The State Department indicated that the purpose of the embargo was to have a nonviolent transition to a secure, democratic form of government and respect for human rights in Cuba. According to the educational film Fidel Castro, the Cuban Leader came into power on January 1st, 1959 when the former president of Cuba, Fulgencio Batista fled the†¦show more content†¦In 1975, the organization of American States lifted a long time standing ban and allowed member states to resume relations with Cuba. In 1977, President Carter attempted to make the situation better by lifting the travel ban for a college basketball team from the U.S. to travel to Havana. â€Å"In February 1963, President Kennedy made it illegal for almost all Americans to travel to Cuba† (History). The relationship between the two countries became non-existent in 1961 but by this time the U.S. and Cuba had exchanged diplomatic procedures. In 1980, Castro was accused of participating in a Drug deal with Panama. Castro denied the allegations and denied to help the U.S. to block trade and aid to Panama (Fidel). (Screenshot of Fidel Castro of the Organization of American States lifting ban to resume relations with Cuba.) During the Cuban missile crisis there was a blockade that prevented the United States further trade with Cuba. â€Å"In 1992, congress passed the Cuban Democracy Act, which prohibits foreign-based subsidiaries of U.S. Companies from trading with Cuba but creates loopholes for travel to Cuba by a select group of U.S. Citizens† (History). The only thing the law allows regarding Cu ba is that private groups can deliver food and medicine. This private group is the Trade Sanctions Reform Act (TSRA), passed by President Clinton in October of 2000. In the sixties, Americans were allowed to live in Cuba to help with the different industries they had but when theShow MoreRelatedCuba And Its Effects On America969 Words   |  4 Pages The history of Cuba has gone through many dramatic changes affecting not only the economy but the citizens as well. On January 1st, 1969 Dictator Fulgenico Batiste (Fidel Castro) fled the Island of Cuba, with his revolutionaries seizing control with the U.S backing the situation. This caused chaos and excitement in Havana, rumbling the idea of anti-americanism. This relates back to the conflict theory, as this had a great impact on the citizens of Cuba, causing more hate on america and itsRead More Cuba And Embargo Essay example2212 Words   |  9 Pages Cuba and the Affects of the Embargo The island nation of Cuba, located just ninety miles off the coast of Florida, is home to 11 million people and has one of the few remaining communist regimes in the world. Cuba’s leader, Fidel Castro, came to power in 1959 and immediately instituted a communist program of sweeping economic and social changes. Castro allied his government with the Soviet Union and seized and nationalized billions of dollars of American property. U.S. relations with Cuba haveRead MoreThe Main Causes Of The Cuban Revolution1643 Words   |  7 Pagesbelief system, uses symbols or tools to get its points across to the people. Cuba and its leader today, Fidel Castro, have their own roots in a revolution that took place only some decades ago. The causes of the Revolution itself was an overthrow of a very corrupt government. It was an attempt to improve the conditions of the Cuban people, but the path was covered in blood and sweat, many asked if was it really wor th it? How much actually changed? The main causes of the revolution were the corruptRead MoreAppendix a American Imperialism1314 Words   |  6 Pagesthere interest? | U.S. actions | Status today | EXAMPLE: Alaska | The U.S. government wanted the British out of North America. | The United States purchased the Alaska territory from Russia. | Alaska is a state. | Hawaii | Business leaders tried to annex Hawaii Missionary work and trades from the U.S. | They became full independent republican, and became a territory of the U.S. | Hawaii is a state. | Puerto Rico | The U.S. granted Puerto RicansRead More The US Embargo on Cuba Essay3551 Words   |  15 PagesThe US Embargo on Cuba I. Introduction In 1959, Cubareceived 74 percent of its imports from the US, and the US received 65 percentof Cuba’s exports. On February 3, 1962, the United States imposed a fulltrade embargo on Cuba, completely ending any type of trade between the twocountries. This embargo remains in effect today, more than four decades later,and has grown ! to be a huge center of debate and controversy (DeVarona 8).Opponents to the embargo argue that the embargo does nothing moreRead MoreCubas Colonial History3014 Words   |  12 PagesCuba Cuba The forces that define Cuba today are in many ways the same ones that have defined it for centuries. The ethos of monism, or the tendency to centralize power and to use it to represent pluralistic, divergent or dissenting impulses, was established early in Cubas colonial history. A small Spanish elite group used centralized power to rule for what they viewed as the common good. This common good usually coincided with their interest, and public office was often seen as both proprietaryRead MoreHaiti: The Corruptions of Imperialism Reigns Essay1325 Words   |  6 PagesIsbister states: â€Å"Imperialism shaped today’s third world.† This statement explains how the third world itself is nothing more than the aftermath of imperialism. The best method to demonstrate how imperialism plays out begins with colonization. European empires used this method to spread themselves around the world, strategically expanding their power. A process that created social forces, which ar e continually felt today, such as poverty and oppression. These empires changed nearly every facet ofRead MoreCompare And Contrast The Old And New Imperialism1600 Words   |  7 Pagespowers started to expand their empires through conquest and trade with other countries. After the American Revolution, it prompted the ideas of new imperialism, which focused more on Asia and Africa. The European countries wanted to expand more in order to gain more power, search for new markets, raw materials, and build a new stronger military. Imperialism has brought countries trade, naval bases, and military structure. It also affected the world because it caused conflicts and competition amongRead MoreAge of Imperialism2874 Words   |  12 Pagesthat justified American imperialist actions? †¢ Identify the current political status of these places in relation to the United States. Age of Imperialism: 1870 to 1914 Place (Michele Stafford) Why was there interest? (KRISTY) U.S. actions Status today Samoa America was interested in the small islands located across the Pacific. A territory of the United States/ Of American Samoa. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1842.htm Hawaii Expanding the American forces using the IslandRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II1812 Words   |  8 PagesCold War. The Iron Curtain was a symbolic effort by the Soviet Union to isolate itself, and controlled satellite states, from the western influence. Truman doctrine The Truman doctrine was a policy established in 1947. It was a U.S policy to stop Soviet expansion of communism during the Cold War. The policy was established by president Harry Truman to support free people and as a way to provide help to any country who is being forced to be submitted to communism. This was a major point during the

Personal Statement And Self Disclosure - 759 Words

On the basis of Kaplan and Haenlein’s theory (2009), in terms of social presence and media richness, applications such as blogs and collaborative projects (e.g. Wikipedia) are at the lowest level, due to text-based characteristic and thereby only relatively simply information is allowed to exchange. At the next level are social networking sites (e.g. Facebook) and content communities (e.g. YouTube). In addition to text-based communications, they are able to share pictures, videos, links or any other media. Virtual social worlds (e.g. Second Life) and Virtual game worlds (e.g. World of Warcraft) take up the highest level, attempting to facilitate face-to-face interactions from all dimensions in a virtual environment. Regarding self-presentation and self-disclosure, as collaborative projects usually only focus on specific content domains, blogs tend to score higher than it. Similarly, social networking sites provide more self-presentation than that of content communities. Finall y, because of strict guidelines ruling users to behave in a certain way, virtual game worlds normally present relatively lower self-disclosure than virtual social worlds [24]. As this research focuses upon (platform name), it is thereby important to understand the basis of this theory. 2.2 Communication of social media audience Since the first social network site, Friendster, a social gaming platform, emerged in 2002, there has been a huge boost of individuals connecting online [29]. Currently,Show MoreRelatedPersonal Statement : Self Disclosure789 Words   |  4 Pages Assignment 2.1: Self-Disclosure Robin Ignacio Concorde Career College, North Hollywood campus What is the definition of self-disclosure? According to the textbook Essentials of Human Communication, the term self-disclosure is defined as â€Å"a type of communication in which you reveal information or the process of revealing something about yourself to another person. Usually refers to information that would normally be kept hidden. In considering self-disclosure, consider the legitimacyRead MoreThe Working Alliance Between Supervisor And Supervisee970 Words   |  4 Pagesaimed at developing science-informed practice are facilitated through a collaborative interpersonal process† (Falender Shafranske, 2004). According to Falander and Shafranske (2004), clinical supervision involves observation, feedback, facilitating self-assessment of the supervisee, and knowledge acquisition through a variety of methods. In supervising developing therapists, more senior members of the profession monitor the overall quality and development of the professional services being offered Read MoreExpressing Affection: a Vocabulary of Loving Messages1647 Words   |  7 Pages#20 by Charles A Wilkinson â€Å"Love seeketh not Itself to please, Nor for itself hath any care; But for another gives its ease, And builds a Heaven in Hells despair†. These moving words by William Blake show that to Love another you have to move beyond self interest and express our affection for them. The essay by Wilkinson, â€Å"a marriage and family therapist (p150)†, explores the ways we go about expressing our affection to others and the difficulty that arises when we cannot communicate effectively. WilkinsonRead MoreEthical Boundaries Misused in Today’s Clinical Psychology Essay1677 Words   |  7 PagesGlass called these, â€Å"the gray areas of boundary crossing and violation† (429). However, there is further description, â€Å"Boundary issues mostly refer to the therapists self-disclosure, touch, an exchange of gifts, bartering and fees, length and location of sessions and contact outside the office† (Guthiel Gabbard). This statement by Thomas G. Gutheil, M.D. G len O. Gabbard, M.D explains the meaning of boundary issues that most will face in treating patients in the mental health profession. TheRead MoreSelf Disclosure And Social Networking Sites Essay972 Words   |  4 Pagesarea of self-disclosure. Research has typically centered on the: type of disclosure made i.e. positive or negative, the value of the disclosure made i.e. level of intimacy and the benefits of making a disclosure (Berg Derlega, 1987). More recently, self-disclosure research has expanded to include the use of social networking sites, most notably Facebook (e.g. Forest Wood, 2012; Namkee, Borae, Seung-A, 2011; Qiu, Lin, Leung Tov, 2012). Self-disclosure is a deliberate exchange of personal informationRead MoreDual Relationships and Self-Disclosure Essay1122 Words   |  5 PagesDual Relationships and Self-Disclosure Chemical Dependency counselors have quite a few ethical dilemmas to deal with. Therapists that are in recovery may confront some even more complex dilemmas, opposed to those who are not. There is a high percentage of addiction counselors that are in recovery. In fact, 55% of 36,000 members of the National Association of Alcohol and Drug Addiction Counselors (NAADAC) are recovering alcoholics and 21% are recovering from some other chemical dependency.Read MoreA Research Study Used A Convenience Sample881 Words   |  4 Pagesagreed to participate in this study. Respondents were assured that their participation was anonymous and notified that the professor for the respective class approved this study. Each male and female respondent randomly assigned to one of the four self-report rating scales. Demographic information of the respondents such as sex, age, and year classification was asked but was not a qualification to be a participant. B. Design The design of the experiment was a One-Way ANOVA with four conditionsRead MoreThe Attachment Styles Of Infants1312 Words   |  6 PagesType B attachment secure relationship was characterised by intimate, comfort in being emotionally close, trust and also self-disclosure. Meanwhile, relationship of Type A attachment people were described as superficial, cold and aloof. They were also reluctant to have a long-term commitment to relationship. Relationship of adults with Type C attachment was identified by coupled self-doubt, jealousy, and fear of being abandoned or rejected (Peterson, 2012). The attachment styles of infants usually beingRead MoreEssay on Short Answer Questions - Ethics1084 Words   |  5 Pageswhere a counsellor is not competent to engage in therapeutic relationship with a client. Name two cases where this may be so, and give reasons why terminating the relationship may be advisable? In case one the client and therapist may engage in a personal/private relationship outside of the practice, this is unethical and makes the therapist incompetent to continue a therapeutic relationship with the client involved. Two reasonable reasons why terminating the relationship both therapeutic/privateRead MoreThe Importance Of Interpersonal Communication1316 Words   |  6 Pagesrelationship or work environment; however, communication has many underlying and hidden factors affect the quality of interactions. Learning the mechanics of interpersonal communications increases job success, improves relationships, and improves personal well-being. While many agree that interpersonal communication is important in society, many forget communication’s essential counterpart: listening. Listening, while one of the most used skills, is the least taught, leading to issues in many relationships

Three Disciplines Free Essays

The Three Disciplines all appeal to me in some ways, but if I had to choose between anthropology, psychology, and sociology, I would have to choose psychology. The reasoning behind it will be explained in detail but it can be broken down to three main reasons; being the first discipline with verified results and facts rather than unproven theories, having more post-high school opportunities considering that I wish to pursue a career in business, and being the most in-depth discipline. Psychology has more quantitative information, more interesting career opportunities and more systemized in comparison to anthropology and sociology. We will write a custom essay sample on Three Disciplines or any similar topic only for you Order Now My character is very self-assured and I am not convinced easily, so with all my stubbornness, I cannot be persuaded by theory, I need proof. In 1879, Wilhelm Wundt opened the first experimental laboratory in psychology at the University of Leipzig, Germany (WGBH Educational Foundation, 2001). Obviously one would know that the beginning of psychology did not start exactly when the laboratory in Germany was opened, but the first sign of actual documentation and recording of results in a scientific environment was created. Laboratories were places where psychologists like Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Ivan Pavlov, B. F. Skinner and more would be taken seriously when they would introduce their ideas of psychoanalytic theory, the conscious and unconscious mind, analytical psychology, collective conscious, unconditioned and conditioned response and stimulus, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning (Collinshaw Kritzer Warecki, 2011, p. 59, 61, 64, 65). In the 1870s, zoos became unattended â€Å"laboratories†, especially with the so-called â€Å"ethnological exhibitions† or â€Å"Negro villages†. † (Wikipedia, 2011). The earliest anthropological laboratories were the use of zoos, which is very hard to take seriously, even though it makes sense. Anthropology is the scientific study of the origin, the behaviour, and the physical, social, and cultural development of humans, so studying animals first would be an adequate place to start, since animals are much less complex. Soci ology is a relatively new academic discipline. It emerged in the early 19th century in response to the challenges of modernity. † (edu. learnsoc. org, 2011). Sociology itself is behind in comparison to psychology and anthropology so it is expected that it would not have as many legitimate records or working environments as psychology. In the future, I wish to pursue a career involving mainly business courses, just because that is what I like. I enjoy economics, which is basically applying the thought of people to numbers and prices, to get an outcome. I researched the economics program and psychology program at the University of Toronto, and they in fact have no relation together, but within my undergraduate years I am able to take psychology courses along with economics courses. In my perception, I feel like I can use certain psychology courses to understand the mind better and take advantage of that from a business point of view, and generate profit. Courses like Cross-cultural psychology, and Special Topics in Human Communication can help me delve into the human mind. Cross-culture psychology is the examination of culture-blind and culture-bound aspects of traditional psychology that includes issues of diversity, cultural influences on basic psychological processes, and the impact of culture on social and developmental processes (University of Toronto, 2012). By studying cultural influences, I could maybe create a product that is appealing to today’s Canadian culture. Special Topics in Human Communication is the examination of selected topics in psychological approaches to human communication (University of Toronto, 2012). Communicating better or more efficiently could increase sales of some sort where I would have to encourage and convince people to purchase something. There definitely are courses in anthropology that can be tied into an economics program that would actually help me in my future career, like Social Theory Through Everyday Life, which explains theories of culture and society, with examples from ordinary life and fantasy and their popular expressions (University Of Toronto, 2012), but the issue is that I have no interest in the study of society as a whole, I would rather study an individual. Sociology courses once again pertain to groups of people rather than the individuals in them, with courses like Women and Work, and Race Class Gender, which are pretty self explanatory (University of Toronto, 2012). As a person of specificity and depth, I wish to study individuals rather than crowds. As I already mentioned, I am a person of depth, and psychology is deep because it is broken up into so many sub-fields or â€Å"Schools of Thought† as our course book labels them. Anthropology only has four sub-fields, and sociology is broken up into several issues to study rather than sub-fields. Psychology consists of biological, clinical, cognitive, comparative, developmental, education and school, evolutionary, industrial, personality, social, and positive (Wikipedia, 2012). In our course so far we have not even covered half of those sub-fields. Anthropology consists of cultural anthropology, archeology, linguistic anthropology, and physical anthropology (Wikipedia, 2012). Our course has covered three out of those four sub-fields already. Traditional focuses of sociology have included social stratification, social class, culture, social mobility, religion, secularization, law, and deviance. Our course has covered some of those issues. Psychology leads with the most sub-fields that probably needed a lot of work to organize and separate, which is why psychology appeals to me the most. In conclusion, psychology is a much more interesting and diverse discipline since it deals with the individual mind rather than society itself. In my future career psychology courses could be very affective if I deal with people face to face. This essay has proven to me and to the reader what opportunities psychology has for me in the future. References * edu. learnsoc. org. History of Sociology. Retrieved from http://edu. earnsoc. org/Chapters/1%20introduction/3%20history%20of%20sociology. htm * University of Toronto. Arts Science 2011-2012 Fall/Winter Session Timetable for: Sociology [SOC courses]. Looking for the official U of T Faculty of Arts and Science home page?. Retrieved from http://www. artsandscience. utoronto. ca/ofr/timetable/winter/soc. html * University of Toronto. Course De scriptions — Anthropology. (n. d. ). Welcome to the Department of Anthropology — Anthropology. Retrieved from http://anthropology. utoronto. ca/undergraduate/courses * WGBH Educational Foundation. The History of Psychology. Retrieved from http://www. learner. org/discoveringpsychology/history/history_nonflash. html * Wikipedia. Anthropology – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Anthropology * Wikipedia. History of anthropology – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_anthropology * Wikipedia. Psychology – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved from en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Psychology * Wikipedia. Sociology – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sociology * * * * * * How to cite Three Disciplines, Papers

Probation and Parole Officers Essay Example

Probation and Parole Officers Essay The definition of probation is a critical examination and evaluation or subjection to such examination and evaluation. This is what happens to people who break the law. Many get put on probation for a period of time set by the courts. At this time the probationer is under the supervision of what is called a probation/parole officer. A probation officer, according to Merriam-Webster dictionary online, is an officer appointed to investigate, report on, and supervise the conduct of convicted offenders on probation. This career is well suited for people oriented persons who has a drive to help others, a flexable schedule, be proficient in English and writing (a second language is also very helpful in some areas), and be willing to be in situations or with people that could be unsafe. (Merriam-Webster, 2002) There is a difference between a probation and parole officer. Under probation the criminal has not been in prison but simple on probation after their offense. When someone is under parole they have been released from prison. This means that the two officers work with different types of criminals. Probation officers will deal with criminals who have mostly done a minor infraction or people awaiting trial, where as parole officers tend to deal with more severe offenses which required incarceration. In many states these two position are combined into one. An officer will work with either adults or juveniles. Probation officers work with the courts doing background investigations, presentence reports, rehabilitation recommendations and sentencing recommendations. We will write a custom essay sample on Probation and Parole Officers specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Probation and Parole Officers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Probation and Parole Officers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Sentencing recommendations are reviewed with the offender before being submitted to the court. In some situations the officer may need to testify. In Federal court probation officers also become pretrial services officers which makes them responsible for pretrial investigations and bond recommendations. Each officer will work on between 20 to over 300 active cases. (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2003) Recent changes to the system have made for a change in the nature of the work. Probation and parole officers are now going to the offenders homes, places of employment, and therapy. Also, different institutions are helping officers to monitor the offenders. More and more officers are using visits, email, teleconferencing, etc to stay informed about offenders and their progress. (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2003) Being closer to the offenders like this helps probation/parole officers to help them better enter into society as a law abiding citizen. The parole office acts as a counselor and lawperson. Officers will also involve offenders families and in turn help the rehabilitation process. Offenders progress will be monitored by officers by keeping up with their home life, educational progress, and the fulfillment of recommendation from the courts ( these fulfillments may include anything from classes to random drug test). The downside of this type of system change is the increased risk of victimization. In an article called Worker Safety In Probation Parole by William H. Parsonage and Joe A. Miller, some interesting facts about the safety of probation and parole officers are uncovered. They first define victimization as: Hazardous incidents in which people working in probation and parole agencies have been assaulted or threatened in connection with their work. Examples of hazardous incidents affecting staff safety would include: physical assault or harm; threat of physical assault or har; assault or threat of harm to a workers family members; harm of threat of harm to ones property; extortion; harm or threat of harm to a workers reputation; or psychological intimidation. Their studies showed that 62% of officers/agents have been victimized once or more during their career. One in six of those officers/agents were physically assaulted, with 61% of them experiencing more one or more intimidations during their career. Thirty-five percent of the people surveyed reported that they were victimized within the last 12 months proceeding this study ( 6% physical assault and 34% intimidation). They study also showed that officers who dealt with parolees rather than just probationers were more likely to be victimized. It was also found that probation and parole officers who carry guns or who have self-defense training were more likely to be victimized. When finding who was carrying out the assaults or threats it was shown that 89% of serious incidents were done by the offender and 11% by the offenders family member. Although there are many risk, the satisfaction of helping people in their community is usually what keeps probation/parole officers in this career. In 2000, 84,000 people were employed as probation officers (most coming from State or local government). California and Texas have the highest number of officers, which amounts to about one-fourth of the countrys officers. Prospective officers will have more luck in urban areas than any where else. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2003) There are some qualifications that must be met in order to obtain a position as a probation/parole officer. Each applicant will have to go through a background check. Any applicant convicted of a felony is not eligible. All persons must be in good physical and emotional condition, and no younger than 21 years of age ( for Federal employment no older than 37 years of age). A bachelors degree in a related field is required, and a masters is helpful and sometimes required for advancement. In most cases prospective officers will be given a written, oral, physical, and psychological examination. Some states will require additional training or certification which will be given by that state. After an applicant is successfully accepted he or she will then become a trainee for six months before moving to a permanent position. After obtaining a permanent position an officer can expect to make between $36,980 to $40,820. (Bureau of Labor Statistics) This job is perfect for anyone who wants to make a difference in peoples lives. You will be responsible for helping people who have committed crimes go back into society and better themselves. Just as cops and fireman have to be careful each day so much probation officers. It is getting riskier to become an officer due to added outings in the community. This job holds a heavy workload but if the heart is in it the whole thing will be worth it. You will be changing peoples lives, along with their families who need them to be productive in society. For many parolees the officer will be their only outlet because they have been jailed for a long period of time or did not have family in the beginning. Probation officers have an important job that is growing faster than average in our country. This is a respectable job with many benefits and pains.

Lexicology Essays - Lexicology, Linguistics, Grammar, Semantics

Lexicology Essays - Lexicology, Linguistics, Grammar, Semantics Lecture I. Introduction. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics 1.The subject and the tasks of lexicology. Lexicology and other branches of linguistics. 2.Lexical units. Word as the main lexical unit. Literature: 1. .. . : , 2007. C. 9-13. 2. .. . / .. . : , 2008. C. 3-4. 1. The subject and the tasks of lexicology The term lexicology is composed of two Greek morphemes: lexis - word, phrase, and logos - science. The literal meaning is the science of word. Thus, lexicology is the part of linguistics which deals with the vocabulary and characteristic features of words and word-groups. Lexicology has its own aims, methods of research and its basic task is study and systematic description of vocabulary (lexicon) in respect to its origin, development and current use. It gives a systematic description of the word-stock of the language; It investigates the words structure, word formation, the semantic structure of English words; It also investigates the main principles of the classification of vocabulary units into various groups and ways of forming new vocabulary units; It studies the relations between different lexical layers of the vocabulary. There are two principle approaches in linguistic science to the study of language material: synchronic and diachronic. It means that the vocabulary of the language can be studied synchronically, that is, at a given stage of its development (descriptive lexicology). The descriptive lexicology of the English language deals with the English word in its morphological (morprhemes the word consisits of) and semantical (meaning of the word) structures and investigates the interdependence between these two aspects. The vocabulary can also be studied diachronically, in the context of the processes through which it grew, developed and acquired its modern form (historical lexicology). Historical lexicology studies the origin of words and word-groups, the development of their sound form and meaning. The two approaches shouldnt be set one against the other. In fact, they are interconnected and interrelated because every linguistic structure and system exists in a state of constant development so that the synchronic state of a language system is a result of a long process of linguistic evaluation, of its historical development. Closely connected with historical lexicology is comparative lexicology which studies the correlation between the vocabularies of two or more languages, and finds out the correspondences between the vocabulary units of these languages. Distinction is naturally made between general lexicology and special lexicology. General lexicology is a part of general linguistics; it studies the vocabulary and semantic processes irrespectively of the specific features of any particular language. Special lexicology is the lexicology of a particular language (e.g. English, Ukrainian, etc.). There are different branches of lexicology: etymology, word groups and phraseology, semasiology and onomasiology, morphology, word-building, lexicography, stylistics. Etymology is the branch of linguistics which deals with the origin and history of words. Semasiology is a science which studies the meaning of the words. Semasiology is closely connected to onomasiology, which goal is to find the linguistic forms, or the words, that can stand for a given concept/idea/object. While onomasiology starts from concepts, semasiology starts from forms and asks for their meanings. Semasiology is concerned with meaning and the change of meaning. A typical semasiological question is: Which meanings does this word have?, for instance, Which meanings does the word glass have?. A semasiological perspective is more the perspective of a listener who is looking for the meaning of a word s/he has heard. People speak of onomasiology when they are looking for grammatical forms that can stand for a given function, e.g.How can I express future time?, and when they are looking for conversational patterns that can be used in a given communicative task, e.g. How can I greet somebody? Morphology is the branch of lexicology which deals with the structure of the word. The ways the word is formed are studied by the word-building. The spheres of the use of the word are studied by the stylistics. Phraseology is the branch of lexicology specialising in word-groups which are characterised by stability of structure. The questions of words description and systematization is a subject of lexicography. Lexicology is closely connected with general linguistics, the history of the

11 Extraordinary Life Lessons of Highly Successful People

11 Extraordinary Life Lessons of Highly Successful People If you were to follow the daily routines of super successful people, what might you find out? Here are 11 lessons you can learn from doing what the richest and most famous do, sometimes before breakfast. 1. Get Enough ExerciseThis is a common element across most routines of highly successful people. The endorphins give your brain a boost, plus the physical strength you build help with endurance. Exercise will make you more productive and more focused.  It’s a habit to cultivate and keep.2. MeditateStop telling yourself you don’t have ten minutes once or twice a day to sit and be still and to breathe. You might surprise yourself at just how much a difference this little habit can make in your mental clarity and productivity. Try it for a while, then stop for a week. Notice a difference?3. Push Through the Mid-Week SlumpYou might find that you’re ready for new good habits and setting new goals on Mondays, but by midweek, those habits might get harder to keep. May be the rush of the new habit’s benefits might be wearing off a little. Try and persevere through this natural slump in your own excitement about your new routine.4. Understand that Sleep MattersYou’ll find that getting enough sleep will really make a big difference, no matter what your routine. Never get out of bed and feel a wave of dread to see your briefcase or your work-out clothes. Imagine waking up and  not being exhausted! It will set the tone for your whole day.5. Set Up a Bedtime RoutineYou can’t just turn off your laptop, brush your teeth, and expect a restful and even night’s sleep. Try building a bedtime ritual (baths, no screens, herbal tea) to get your body and brain into the proper mindset. You’ll find you fall asleep faster and get a better quality rest.6. Don’t Keep Habits that Don’t Serve YouIf a new habit simply doesn’t work for you, toss it. Chances are you can modify it or find something entirely differen t that suits your lifestyle best. Don’t waste your time cultivating habits and routines that don’t help you accomplish your own goals.7. Track Your TimeIf you start tracking how you spent the hours in a day, you might learn a lot about where you could be more productive, or where you’re just plain wasting time. Cut out the fat! You can also determine which parts of the day are your most and least productive- and start scheduling yourself more intelligently for better results.8.  Stick to Your Routines as Much as PossibleIf you have a good morning and bedtime ritual in place, and you get asked to do something that would require you to compromise that for a day or week, that’s a great way of helping you to figure out how much you really want to do that thing. Listen to your gut. If you’d much rather just be at home sipping tea at 10pm than at that club opening, it’s probably not the right event for you. Wait for something that really makes y ou want to make an exception to your established routine.9.  Establish Your Life PrioritiesRather than filling your days with shoulds, you might be able to figure out what activities, tasks, and goals in your life are actually things that matter to you. Figure out what your priorities and desires are, and follow those. Not just what everyone else is doing. And if something doesn’t interest you? (And you can afford to?) Skip it.10. Trust Your SubconsciousIf you try out a lot of new habits, you might find you naturally veer towards keeping the ones that work for you and tossing the ones that don’t. That’s great. That means you’re listening to yourself. Keep it up.11. Try New ThingsThe best part of trying new habits and routines is that it gives you a real chance to figure out if things could be running more smoothly and productively in your life. Give yourself a chance to be your best self!